Method and system for diversity processing including using dedicated pilot method for closed loop

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems for diversity processing including using dedicated pilot method for closed loop may include combining a plurality of received WCDMA/HSDPA multipath signals for each diversity transmit antenna to at least one processed diversity signal. The received WCDMA/HSDPA multipath signals may originate from diversity transmit antennas at a base station that may be transmitting information via a closed loop or open loop diversity transmission mode. The closed loop diversity transmission mode may be closed loop 1 or closed loop 2. Estimations may be made of the closed loop transmit weights used by the base station for transmission of the symbols. Closed loop symbols transmitted by the diversity transmit antennas may then be estimated based on received diversity signals and at least one dedicated pilot channel. Open loop symbols may be estimated using information from at least one common pilot channel.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS/INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/174,303 filed on Jun. 30, 2005, which makes reference to,claims priority to, and claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 60/616,779 filed on Oct. 6, 2004.

This application makes reference to:

U.S. application Ser. No. 11/173,854 filed on Jun. 30, 2005; and

U.S. application Ser. No. 11/173,870 filed on Jun. 30, 2005.

All of the above stated applications are hereby incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Certain embodiments of the invention relate to communication receivers.More specifically, certain embodiments of the invention relate to amethod and system for diversity processing including using a dedicatedpilot method for closed loop.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Mobile communication has changed the way people communicate and mobilephones have been transformed from a luxury item to an essential part ofevery day life. The use of mobile phones is today dictated by socialsituations, rather than hampered by location or technology. While voiceconnections fulfill the basic need to communicate, and mobile voiceconnections continue to filter even further into the fabric of every daylife, the mobile Internet is the next step in the mobile communicationrevolution. The mobile Internet is poised to become a common source ofeveryday information, and easy, versatile mobile access to this datawill be taken for granted.

Third generation (3G) cellular networks have been specifically designedto fulfill these future demands of the mobile Internet. As theseservices grow in popularity and usage, factors such as cost efficientoptimization of network capacity and quality of service (QoS) willbecome even more essential to cellular operators than it is today. Thesefactors may be achieved with careful network planning and operation,improvements in transmission methods, and advances in receivertechniques. To this end, carriers need technologies that will allow themto increase downlink throughput and, in turn, offer advanced QoScapabilities and speeds that rival those delivered by cable modem and/orDSL service providers. In this regard, networks based on wideband CDMA(WCDMA) technology may make the delivery of data to end users a morefeasible option for today's wireless carriers.

The UMTS technology, introduced in 2003, with theoretical data rates ashigh as 2 Mbps, is an adaptation of the WCDMA 3G system by GSM. Onereason for the high data rates that may be achieved by UMTS technologystems from the 5 MHz WCDMA channel bandwidths versus the 200 KHz GSMchannel bandwidths. The HSDPA technology is an Internet protocol (IP)based service, oriented for data communications, which adapts WCDMA tosupport data transfer rates on the order of 10 megabits per second(Mbits/s). Developed by the 3G Partnership Project (3GPP) group, theHSDPA technology achieves higher data rates through a plurality ofmethods. For example, many transmission decisions may be made at thebase station level, which is much closer to the user equipment asopposed to being made at a mobile switching center or office. These mayinclude decisions about the scheduling of data to be transmitted, whendata is to be retransmitted, and assessments about the quality of thetransmission channel. The HSDPA technology may also utilize variablecoding rates. The HSDPA technology may also support 16-level quadratureamplitude modulation (16-QAM) over a high-speed downlink shared channel(HS-DSCH), which permits a plurality of users to share an air interfacechannel

In some instances, HSDPA may provide a two-fold improvement in networkcapacity as well as data speeds up to five times (over 10 Mbit/s) higherthan those in even the most advanced 3G networks. HSDPA may also shortenthe roundtrip time between network and terminal, while reducingvariances in downlink transmission delay. These performance advances maytranslate directly into improved network performance and highersubscriber satisfaction. Since HSDPA is an extension of the WCDMAfamily, it also builds directly on the economies of scale offered by theworld's most popular mobile technology. HSDPA may offer breakthroughadvances in WCDMA network packet data capacity, enhanced spectral andradio access networks (RAN) hardware efficiencies, and streamlinednetwork implementations. Those improvements may directly translate intolower cost-per-bit, faster and more available services, and a networkthat is positioned to compete more effectively in the data-centricmarkets of the future.

The capacity, quality and cost/performance advantages of HSDPA yieldmeasurable benefits for network operators, and, in turn, theirsubscribers. For operators, this backwards-compatible upgrade to currentWCDMA networks is a logical and cost-efficient next step in networkevolution. When deployed, HSDPA may co-exist on the same carrier as thecurrent WCDMA Release 99 services, allowing operators to introducegreater capacity and higher data speeds into existing WCDMA networks.Operators may leverage this solution to support a considerably highernumber of high data rate users on a single radio carrier. HSDPA makestrue mass-market mobile IP multimedia possible and will drive theconsumption of data-heavy services while at the same time reducing thecost-per-bit of service delivery, thus boosting both revenue andbottom-line network profits. For data-hungry mobile subscribers, theperformance advantages of HSDPA may translate into shorter serviceresponse times, less delay and faster perceived connections. Users mayalso download packet-data over HSDPA while conducting a simultaneousspeech call.

HSDPA may provide a number of significant performance improvements whencompared to previous or alternative technologies. For example, HSDPAextends the WCDMA bit rates up to 10 Mbps, achieving higher theoreticalpeak rates with higher-order modulation (16-QAM) and with adaptivecoding and modulation schemes. The maximum QPSK bit rate is 5.3 Mbit/sand 10.7 Mbit/s with 16-QAM. Theoretical bit rates of up to 14.4 Mbit/smay be achieved with no channel coding. The terminal capability classesrange from 900 Kbit/s to 1.8 Mbit/s with QPSK modulation, and 3.6 Mbit/sand up with 16-QAM modulation. The highest capability class supports themaximum theoretical bit rate of 14.4 Mbit/s.

However, implementing advanced wireless technologies such as WCDMAand/or HSDPA may still require overcoming some architectural hurdles.For example, the RAKE receiver is the most commonly used receiver inCDMA systems, mainly due to its simplicity and reasonable performanceand WCDMA Release 99 networks are designed so that RAKE receivers may beused. A RAKE receiver contains a bank of spreading sequence correlators,each receiving an individual multipath. A RAKE receiver operates onmultiple discrete paths. The received multipath signals can be combinedin several ways, from which maximal ratio combining (MRC) is preferredin a coherent receiver. However, a RAKE receiver may be suboptimal inmany practical systems, for example, its performance may degrade frommultiple access interference (MAI), that is, interference induced byother users in the network.

In the case of a WCDMA downlink, MAI may result from inter-cell andintracell interference. The signals from neighboring base stationscompose intercell interference, which is characterized by scramblingcodes, channels and angles of arrivals different from the desired basestation signal. Spatial equalization may be utilized to suppressinter-cell interference. In a synchronous downlink application,employing orthogonal spreading codes, intra-cell interference may becaused by multipath propagation. Due to the non-zero cross-correlationbetween spreading sequences with arbitrary time shifts, there isinterference between propagation paths (or RAKE fingers) afterdespreading, causing MAI and inter-path interference (IPI). The level ofintra-cell interference depends strongly on the channel response. Innearly flat fading channels, the physical channels remain almostcompletely orthogonal and intra-cell interference does not have anysignificant impact on the receiver performance. On the other hand, theperformance of the RAKE receiver may be severely deteriorated byintra-cell interference in frequency selective channels. Frequencyselectivity is common for the channels in WCDMA networks.

To combat MAI, linear interference suppression algorithms can beutilized, which are based on linear channel equalization and aresuitable for WCDMA/HSDPA systems using long, orthogonal scramblingcodes. Due to the difficulties faced when non-linear channel equalizersare applied to the WCDMA downlink, detection of the desired physicalchannel with a non-linear equalizer may result in implementing aninterference canceller or optimal multi-user receiver. Both types ofreceivers may be prohibitively complex for mobile terminals and mayrequire information not readily available at the mobile terminal.Alternatively, the total base station signal may be considered as thedesired signal. However, non-linear equalizers rely on prior knowledgeof the constellation of the desired signal, and this information is notreadily available at the WCDMA terminal. The constellation of the totalbase station signal, that is, sum of all physical channels, is a highorder quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation with unevenspacing. The spacing of the constellation changes constantly due totransmission power control (TPC) and possible power offsets between thecontrol data fields, time-multiplexed to the dedicated physicalchannels. The constellation order may also frequently change due todiscontinuous transmission. This makes an accurate estimation of theconstellation very difficult.

In this regard, the use of multiple transmit and/or receive antennas mayresult in an improved overall system performance. These multi-antennaconfigurations, also known as smart antenna techniques, may be utilizedto mitigate the negative effects of multipath and/or signal interferenceon signal reception. It is anticipated that smart antenna techniques maybe increasingly utilized both in connection with the deployment of basestation infrastructure and mobile subscriber units in cellular systemsto address the increasing capacity demands being placed on thosesystems. These demands arise, in part, from a shift underway fromcurrent voice-based services to next-generation wireless multimediaservices that provide voice, video, and data communication.

The utilization of multiple transmit and/or receive antennas is designedto introduce a diversity gain and array gain and to suppressinterference generated within the signal reception process. Suchdiversity gains improve system performance by increasing receivedsignal-to-noise ratio, by providing more robustness against signalinterference, and/or by permitting greater frequency reuse for highercapacity. In communication systems that incorporate multi-antennareceivers, a set of M receive antennas may be utilized to null theeffect of (M−1) interferers, for example. Accordingly, N signals may besimultaneously transmitted in the same bandwidth using N transmitantennas, with the transmitted signal then being separated into Nrespective signals by way of a set of N antennas deployed at thereceiver. Systems that utilize multiple transmit and receive antennasmay be referred to as multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Oneattractive aspect of multi-antenna systems, in particular MIMO systems,is the significant increase in system capacity that may be achieved byutilizing these transmission configurations. For a fixed overalltransmitted power, the capacity offered by a MIMO configuration mayscale with the increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

However, the widespread deployment of multi-antenna systems in wirelesscommunications, particularly in wireless handset devices, has beenlimited by the increased cost that results from increased size,complexity, and power consumption. The necessity of providing a separateRF chain for each transmit and receive antenna is a direct factor thatincreases the cost of multi-antenna systems. Each RF chain generallycomprises a low noise amplifier (LNA), a filter, a downconverter, and ananalog-to-digital converter (A/D). In certain existing single-antennawireless receivers, the single required RF chain may account for over30% of the receiver's total cost. It is therefore apparent that as thenumber of transmit and receive antennas increases, the systemcomplexity, power consumption, and overall cost may increase. This posesproblems for mobile system designs and applications.

Accordingly, a mobile system may be designed with fewer parts. Forexample, a single antenna with a single RF path rather than dualantennas with dual RF paths. However, this may make signal processing abit more difficult since there will be fewer independent variables tomanipulate.

Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditionalapproaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art, throughcomparison of such systems with some aspects of the present invention asset forth in the remainder of the present application with reference tothe drawings.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A system and/or method for diversity processing including using adedicated pilot method for a closed loop, substantially as shown inand/or described in connection with at least one of the figures, as setforth more completely in the claims.

Various advantages, aspects and novel features of the present invention,as well as details of an illustrated embodiment thereof, will be morefully understood from the following description and drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 a illustrates an exemplary High Speed Downlink Packet Access(HSDPA) distributed architecture that achieves low delay linkadaptation, in connection with utilization of an embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 1 b illustrates an exemplary Layer 1 HARQ control situated in abase station to remove retransmission-related scheduling and storingfrom the radio network controller, in connection with utilization of anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 1 c illustrates closed loop 1 feedback weights, in connection withutilization of an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 1 d illustrates closed loop 2 feedback phases, in connection withutilization of an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary receiver front end andchip matched filter, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating symbol demodulation of diversityencoded transmission for WCDMA/HSDPA, in accordance with an embodimentof the invention.

FIG. 4 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating diversity processingusing an STTD mode, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 a is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating diversity processingusing a closed loop 1 dedicated pilot method, in accordance with anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 b is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating diversity processingusing a closed loop 2 dedicated pilot method, in accordance with anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating diversity processingusing a closed loop 1 blind method, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe invention.

FIG. 7 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating diversity processingusing a closed loop 2 blind method, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Certain embodiments of the invention may be found in a method and systemfor diversity processing including using a dedicated pilot method for aclosed loop. Aspects of the method may comprise combining a plurality ofreceived WCDMA/HSDPA multipath signals for each diversity transmitantenna into at least one processed diversity signal, at least a portionof which may be despread. The received WCDMA/HSDPA multipath signals mayoriginate from diversity transmit antennas at a base station that may betransmitting information via a closed loop or open loop diversitytransmission mode. Symbols estimations may be made of symbolstransmitted by the diversity transmit antennas. The estimation maycomprise projection (or correlation) of the processed signal withrespect to information from at least one pilot channel. Projection maybe correlation for the purposes of this application.

In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the closed loopdiversity transmission mode may comprise a WCDMA/HSDPA closed loop 1(CL1) mode. In instances when the base station is transmitting in CL1mode, partial channel estimates may be generated by projecting (orcorrelating) each of the processed diversity signals for the basestation with respect to dedicated pilot channel information from each ofthe plurality of diversity transmit antennas at the base station. Aweight may then be generated based on the partial channel estimates. Atransmit weight may be estimated from the generated weight. Theestimation may comprise mapping the generated weight to one of aplurality of weights that may be fed back to the base station by themobile terminal. An estimation of the symbols transmitted by thediversity transmit antennas may be made based on the estimated transmitweight.

In another embodiment of the invention, the closed loop diversitytransmission mode may also comprise a WCDMA closed loop 2 (CL2) mode. Ininstances where the base station is transmitting in this mode,projecting (or correlating) each of the processed diversity signals withrespect to a dedicated pilot channel information may generate partialchannel estimates. Partial transmitted channel symbols for each of thediversity transmit antennas at the base station may then be estimatedbased on the generated partial channel estimates. The estimatedtransmitted symbols from the base station may be generated by combiningthe estimated partial transmitted channel symbols for each of thediversity transmit antenna at the base station.

In another embodiment of the invention, the diversity transmission modemay comprise a WCDMA/HSDPA open loop (or STTD) mode. In instances wherethe base station is transmitting in this mode, estimates of transmittedsymbols from the base station may be generated by using at least aportion of the common pilot channel information.

The transmitted symbols from the base station may also be estimatedbased on a feedback weight that is communicated back to the basestation. In addition to the closed loop 1 (CL1) mode and the closed loop2 (CL2) mode, the diversity transmit mode may also comprise open loop(OL) mode. The OL mode may be referred to as space-time transmitdiversity (STTD) mode. When CL1 mode is used, a mobile terminal may feedback weights to be used for a single transmitting antenna at thetransmitting base station. When CL2 mode is used, the mobile terminalmay feed back two weights that are different for each of the twotransmitting antennas at the transmitting base station.

Various embodiments of the invention may use two methods for optimizingthe transmitted signal with respect to the receiving antenna for theclosed loop modes CL1 and CL2. The first method may be referred to as ablind method. In the blind method, a feedback weight may be generatedand sent to the transmitting base station by the receiving mobileterminal, and the same feedback weight may be used by the receivingmobile terminal to estimate the transmitted signal. However, there maybe instances where there are errors in the feedback weight or weightsreceived by the transmitting station due to, for example, up-linkchannel disturbances. In these instances, the weight or weights used bythe transmitting station may differ from the weight or weights fed backby the mobile terminal. Accordingly, the mobile terminal may not recoverthe transmitted information accurately since the transmitting stationmay be using different weight or weights than the receiving mobileterminal.

The second method may allow a more accurate recovery of transmittedinformation by estimating the weight or weights used from the common anddedicated pilot channels transmitted by the transmitting station. Thesecond method may be referred to as a dedicated pilot method. In thismethod, the dedicated pilot channel estimates may be used to generate afeedback signal to the transmitting base station.

FIG. 1 a is an exemplary illustration of open loop WCDMA/HSDPAcommunication, in connection with utilization of an embodiment of theinvention. Referring to FIG. 1 a, there is shown mobile terminals 110and 112 and a base station (BS) 114. The BS 114 may transmit voiceand/or data information to the mobile terminals 110 and/or 112, andreceive voice and/or data information from the mobile terminals 110and/or 112. The BS 114 may transmit in an open loop mode without anyweighted feedback from a mobile terminal 110 and/or 112. Accordingly,the mobile terminals 110 and 112 may make estimates of the signals, orsymbols, transmitted by the BS 114 based only on the common pilotchannels transmitted by the BS 114.

FIG. 1 b is an exemplary illustration of closed loop WCDMA/HSDPAcommunication, in connection with utilization of an embodiment of theinvention. Referring to FIG. 1 b, there is shown mobile terminals 120and 122 and a base station (BS) 124. The BS 124 may transmit voiceand/or data information to the mobile terminals 120 and/or 122, andreceive voice and/or data information from the mobile terminals 120and/or 122. The BS 124 may transmit in a closed loop mode with weightedfeedback from the mobile terminals 120 and 122. Accordingly, the mobileterminals 120 and 122 may each make estimates of the signals, orsymbols, transmitted by the BS 124 based on the common and dedicatedpilot channels transmitted by the BS 124 and the weight informationinitially generated by the mobile terminals 120 and 122, respectively.

The first closed loop method may be referred to as closed loop 1 (CL1)method. When using the CL1 method, a single weight may be generated byeach mobile terminal for transmission to the base station. The feedbackweight in CL1 method may be one of four different weights. For example,the weight may be +/−0.707 for the X axis and +/−0.707 for the iY axis,where the iY axis may be a Y axis for complex numbers. The four weightsthat may be generated are illustrated with respect to FIG. 1 c.

The second closed loop method may be referred to as closed loop 2 (CL2)method. When using the CL2 method, two weights may be generated by eachmobile terminal for transmission to the base station. In an exemplaryembodiment of the invention, the feedback weights may allow twodifferent power combinations for two signals s₁ and s₂ transmitted bythe base station 124, and eight different phase adjustments for one ofthe two signals, for example, s₂, transmitted by the base station 124.Accordingly, a feedback weight may be one of 16 different weights. The16 weights that may be generated are illustrated with respect to FIG. 1d.

FIG. 1 c illustrates closed loop 1 feedback weights, in connection withutilization of an embodiment of the invention. Referring to FIG. 1 c,there is shown a graph 130 of four weight values 132, . . . , 138generated by, for example, the mobile terminal 120 and/or 122. Theweight from each mobile terminal 120 and 122 is fed back to, forexample, the base station 124 in accordance with WCDMA/HSDPA standards.The first weight value 132 may indicate a phase of π/4. The secondweight value 134 may indicate a phase of 3π/4. The third weight value136 may indicate a phase of 5π/4. The fourth weight value 138 mayindicate a phase of 7π/4. All four weight values 132, . . . , 138 mayhave a normalized power of one. The weight fed back to the base station124 may be used to modulate one of the two signals transmitted by thebase station 124. For example, a signal s₂ transmitted by the basestation 124 may be the signal modulated by the weight from the mobileterminal 120 and/or 122, while a signal s₁ transmitted by the basestation 124 may not be modulated by any weight.

FIG. 1 d illustrates closed loop 2 feedback phases, in connection withutilization of an embodiment of the invention. Referring to FIG. 1 d,there is shown a graph 140 of eight phase values 142, . . . , 156generated by, for example, the mobile terminal 120 and/or 122. The phasevalue is a part of a weight generated by a mobile terminal. The firstweight value 142 may indicate a phase of zero. The second weight value144 may indicate a phase of π/4. The third weight value 146 may indicatea phase of π/2. The fourth weight value 148 may indicate a phase of3π/4. The fifth weight value 150 may indicate a phase of π. The sixthweight value 150 may indicate a phase of 5π/4. The seventh weight value152 may indicate a phase of 3π/2. The eighth weight value 154 mayindicate a phase of 7π/4.

A mobile terminal may also generate, for example, one of two powercombinations for the two signals transmitted by the base station. Inaccordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention, one powercombination may serve as an indication to the base station 124 toallocate power in the ratio of 80% and 20% for the transmitted signalss₁ and s₂, respectively. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment ofthe invention, the other power combination may serve as and indicationto the base station 124 to allocate power in the ratio of 20% and 80%for the transmitted signals s₁ and s₂, respectively. The powercombinations may also be a part of the weight generated by a mobileterminal. The weight may be fed back to a base station in accordancewith WCDMA/HSDPA standards by a mobile terminal. Accordingly, the weightfed back to a base station may be one of 16 different weights.

The base station 124 may use the phase value to modulate the phase ofone of the two signals transmitted, for example, the signal s₂, by thebase station 124. The base station 124 may also use the power ratio tomodulate the power of the two signals transmitted, for example, thesignals s₁ and s₂.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary receiver front end andchip matched filter, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a transmitter section 200 a, and areceiver section 200 b. The transmitter section 200 a may comprise amodulation and coding block 202 and a plurality of transmit antennas 204a and 204 b. Data inputs x₁, x₂, . . . , x_(n), which may be referred toas symbols, may be inputs to the modulation and coding block 202.Signals tx₁ and tx₂ may be RF signals generated by the modulation andcoding block 202 and communicated to the transmit antennas 204 a and 204b, respectively. The receiver section 200 b may comprise a receiveantenna 210, a RFE block 212, and a channel matched filter (CMF) block214.

On the transmit side 200 a, the modulation and coding block 202 may beadapted to generate RF signals tx₁ and tx₂ from the data inputs x₁, x₂,. . . , x_(n), which may be referred to as symbols. The RF signals tx₁and tx₂ may be transmitted via transmit antennas 204 a and 204 b,respectively. The RF signals transmitted via the transmit antennas 204 aand 204 b, for example, the RF signals s₁ and s₂, respectively, may berepresented as propagating via channels having time varying impulseresponses h₁ and h₂, respectively. The RF signals s₁ and s₂ may be thesame signal or they may be different signals. For example, the RFsignals s₁ and s₂ may comprise the same data in the CL1 and CL2 modes ordifferent data in the space-time transmit diversity (STTD) mode.

On the receive side 200 b, the receive antenna 210 may comprise suitablelogic, circuitry and/or code that may be adapted to receive RF signals,for example, the RF signals s₁ and s₂. The RFE block 212 may comprisesuitable logic, circuitry and/or code that may be adapted to receive RFsignals as input and convert these RF signals to digital basebandsignals. After generating an analog baseband signal, the RFE block 212may digitally sample the analog baseband signal at a pre-determinedrate, and the resulting digital baseband signal may be an output of theRFE block 212. The CMF block 214 may comprise suitable logic, circuitryand/or code that may be adapted to digitally filter the WCDMA/HSDPAbaseband bandwidth, and may be a pair of digital filters of the typeSquare Root Raised Cosine, as required by the WCDMA/HSDPA Standard body.

In operation, the modulation and coding block 202 may transmit RFsignals via the transmit antennas 204 a and 204 b, and the receiveantenna 210 may receive the RF signals, and may communicate the receivedRF signals to the RFE block 212. The RFE block 212 may process thereceived RF signals by filtering, amplifying, and/or down-converting thereceived RF signals to baseband signals. The baseband signal may bedigitally sampled by an analog-to-digital converter at a determinedsampling rate. The digitally sampled signal may be the output of the RFEblock 212, and this signal may be communicated to the CMF block 214where it may be digitally filtered. The filtered signals may be outputby the CMF block 214 and communicated to a processor, for example, acluster path processor (CPP) that may process various multipath signalsof RF signals transmitted by an antenna, for example, the transmitantenna 204 a or 204 b.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating symbol demodulation of diversityencoded transmission for WCDMA/HSDPA, in accordance with an embodimentof the invention. Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown a cluster pathprocessor (CPP) block 302, a maximum ratio combiner (MRC) block 304, adespreader (DS) block 306, a diversity processor (DP) block 308,dedicated pilot channel processor (PCP) blocks 310 and 312, and anantenna verifier (AV) block 314. The actual time varying impulseresponses of the channels from the transmit antennas, for example, thetransmit antennas 204 a and 204 b (FIG. 2), to the receive antenna, forexample, the receive antenna 210 (FIG. 2), is represented by h₁ and h₂,respectively, per base station. The estimates of the actual time varyingimpulse responses of the channels h₁ and h₂ may be represented by ĥ₁ andĥ₂, respectively, per base station. Information from a WCDMA/HSDPAcommon pilot channel may be utilized to generate the estimated timevarying impulse responses ĥ₁ and ĥ₂.

The CPP block 302 may comprise a plurality of cluster path processorsthat may be adapted to receive and process an output of the CMF block214 (FIG. 2). The CPPs 302 a, . . . , 302 n within the CPP block 302 maybe partitioned into pairs of CPPs, wherein each pair of CPPs may beadapted to track time-wise clusters of multipath signals and to estimatethe complex phase and amplitude of the multipath signals in the signalclusters. The signal cluster may comprise an aggregate of receivedsignals paths with maximum time difference that may be no more than16/(3.84×10⁶) seconds. U.S. application Ser. No. 11/173,854 filed onJun. 30, 2005 provides a description of signal clusters and is herebyincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In one aspect of the invention, two CPPs may be utilized since theWCDMA/HSDPA standard facilitates a diversity transmitting mode in whichthe transmitted signal is transmitted over two antennas from each basestation. The diversity transmit modes may comprise closed loop 1 (CL1)mode, closed loop 2 (CL2) mode, and open loop mode (OL) that may also bereferred to as space-time transmit diversity (STTD) mode. The CPP block302 may be adapted to determine channel estimates and lock indicators(ĥ₁, L₁) and (ĥ₂, L₂) per base station of the time varying impulseresponses of the channels, for example, h₁ and h₂, and recoverinformation transmitted over the channels on a per base station basis.The lock indicators L₁ and L₂ may provide an indication of whichcomponents in the corresponding estimates may comprise valid componentvalues. An embodiment of the invention may use a strength of receivedsignal to assert the lock indicators. However, in instances where thereis only one transmitting antenna per base station, then only one CPP maybe assigned per base station.

The maximum ratio combining (MRC) block 304 may comprise a plurality ofMRCs, namely 304 a, . . . , 304 n. Cluster timing and estimates of thetime varying impulse response of the channel may be provided to the MRCblock 304 on a per base station basis. The MRC block 304 may be adaptedto provide a simplified and effective combining scheme or mechanism forimplementing a RAKE receiver to combat noise, fading, and to a certaindegree, co-channel interference. In accordance with an embodiment of theinvention, each of the MRCs 304 a, . . . , 304 n may comprise suitablelogic, circuitry and/or code that may be adapted to combine multipathsignals coherently and noise incoherently utilizing the maximum ratiocombining algorithm. Each of the MRCs 304 a, . . . , 304 n may output atleast one processed diversity signal. Accordingly, each of the MRCs 304a, . . . , 304 n may output two processed diversity signals for a basestation. Each of the MRCs 304 a, . . . , 304 n may be adapted to utilizethe same proportionality constant for the channels. Other optimalcombining algorithms such as, for example, minimum mean square error(MMSE) algorithm, may also be utilized. U.S. application Ser. No.11/173,870 filed on Jun. 30, 2005 provides a description of an MRC andis hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The DS block 306 may comprise a plurality of DSs, namely 306 a, . . . ,306 n. Each of the DSs 306 a, . . . , 306 n may comprise suitable logic,circuitry, and/or code that may be adapted to despread received signalsthat may have been previously spread through the application oforthogonal spreading codes in the transmitter. Prior to transmission ofan information signal, known as a “symbol”, the transmitter may haveapplied an orthogonal spreading code that produced a signal comprising aplurality of chips. The DS block 306 may be adapted to generate localcodes, for example Gold codes or orthogonal variable spreading factor(OVSF) codes, that may be applied to received signals through a methodthat may comprise multiplication and accumulation operations. Processinggain may be realized after completion of integration over apre-determined number of chips in which the symbol is modulated.

Following despreading at the receiver, the original symbol may beextracted. WCDMA/HSDPA may support the simultaneous transmission of aplurality of spread spectrum signals in a single RF signal by utilizingspreading codes among the spread spectrum signals which are orthogonalto reduce multiple access interference (MAI). The receiver may extractan individual symbol from the transmitted plurality of spread spectrumsignals by applying a despreading code, which may be equivalent to thecode that was utilized for generating the spread spectrum signal.Similarly to the CPP block 302, and the MRC block 304, the DS block 306may be assigned on a per base station basis, with the MRC block 304communicating with the DS block 306 that may be assigned to the samebase stations.

The DP block 308 may comprise a plurality of DPs, namely 308 a, . . . ,308 n. In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, each of theDPs 308 a, . . . , 308 n may comprise suitable logic, circuit and/orcode that may be adapted to combine signals transmitted from multipleantennas in diversity modes. According to the 3GPP technicalspecification 25.211, version 6, the diversity modes may comprise openloop (OL or STTD), closed loop 1 (CL1), and closed loop 2 (CL2). Closedloop techniques typically work better in slower changing propagationenvironments since it is easier to keep up with variations in thechannel in these cases. In accordance with an embodiment of theinvention, the diversity mode signals may be processed in a singlehardware block requiring signal inputs from MRC block 304.

For the dedicated pilot channel method, the DP block 308 may receivededicated pilot channel estimates from the PCP blocks 310 and 312.Additionally, the DP block 308 may receive a single weight per basestation from the AV block 314 for the CL1 antenna verification method,and two weights per base station from the AV block 314 for the CL2antenna verification method. For the blind method, the DP block 308 mayreceive the same feedback channel weight TxW as sent to the basestation. The outputs of the DP block 308 may be generated on a per basestation basis.

The PCP blocks 310 and 312 may comprise a plurality of PCPs, namely 310a, . . . , 310 n, and 312 a, . . . , 312 n, respectively. In accordancewith an embodiment of the invention, each of the PCPs 310 a, . . . , 310n, and 312 a, . . . , 312 n may comprise suitable logic, circuit and/orcode that may be adapted to provide coherent detection of and a phasereference for a transmit antenna by monitoring the dedicated pilotchannels of the respective antennas. For example, a PCP in the PCP block310 may provide coherent detection of and a phase reference for thetransmit antenna 204 a (FIG. 2), and a PCP in the PCP block 312 mayprovide coherent detection of and a phase reference for the transmitantenna 204 b (FIG. 2). The outputs of the PCP blocks 310 and 312 may beper base station, and may be communicated to the AV block 314 and/or theDP block 308.

The dedicated control channel in WCDMA/HSDPA contains power control bitsand rate information. The synchronization channel in WCDMA/HSDPA is usedby the mobile stations to acquire initial time synchronization. One ormore paging channels are used in WCDMA/HSDPA for paging the mobiles. InWCDMA/HSDPA, the common pilot channel provides a reference signal forcoherent detection, cell acquisition, and handoffs. In addition to thecommon pilot channel, a dedicated pilot channel may be received by eachmobile when operating on a dedicated channel. The dedicated pilotchannel may be a time multiplexed channel providing information used fordiversity operations in a WCDMA/HSDPA network.

The AV block 314 may comprise a plurality of AVs, namely 314 a, . . . ,314 n, and a feedback channel weight generator (TxW) block 314 q. Inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention, each of the AVs 314 a, .. . , 314 n may comprise suitable logic, circuit and/or code that may beadapted to process dedicated pilot channel information from the PCPblocks 310 and 312 and common pilot channel estimate from the CPP block302, and output an estimated channel weight ŵ that may be used by the DPblock 308. In instances where the blind method is used, the DP block 308may utilize the feedback channel weight TxW sent to the base station.The feedback channel weight TxW may be calculated by the TxW block 314 qusing the channel estimates ĥ₁ and ĥ₂ for the two transmitting antennasin the CL1 and CL2 diversity modes.

The AVs 314 a, . . . , 314 n may generate the estimated channel weight ŵthat may be communicated to the DP block 308 for the antennaverification method. For the CL1 mode antenna verification method, theestimated channel weight ŵ may comprise a single weight. For the CL2mode antenna verification method, the estimated channel weight ŵ maycomprise two weights. The diversity mode CL1 typically has betterperformance when the mobile terminal is moving at relatively higherspeeds with respect to the base station. For example, the diversity modeCL 1 may be more applicable where the Doppler frequency shift due to themoving user equipment (UE) is greater than or equal to 60 Hz. Thediversity mode CL2 may be more applicable when the Doppler frequencyshift is less than 60 Hz.

In operation, a filtered baseband signal may be processed by pairs ofCPPs in CPP block 302 so as to produce channel estimates ĥ₁ and ĥ₂,along with timing information T. The channel estimates ĥ₁ and ĥ₂ and thetiming information T may be generated on a per base station basis. Thechannel estimates ĥ₁, ĥ₂ and the timing information T per base stationmay then be communicated to the MRC block 304, and the channel estimatesĥ₁, ĥ₂ may be communicated to the AV block 314, for processing. Thetiming information T per base station may also be communicated to the DSblock 306. The MRC block 304 may be adapted to utilize the channelestimates ĥ₁, ĥ₂ and timing information T per base station, as well asthe filtered baseband signal, to produce an estimated output signal forsignals transmitted by each transmit antenna at a base station. Theestimated output signals may be communicated to the DS block 306.

The DS block 306 may be adapted to despread and generate outputestimates on a per base station basis. The DS block 306 may utilizeinputs communicated from the MRC block 304 and from the CPP block 302 togenerate the output estimates. The output estimates from the DS block306 may be communicated to the DP block 308, and to the PCP blocks 310and 312. The DP block 308 may be adapted to provide diversity processingand generate output symbol estimates on a per base station basis. The DPblock 308 may utilize inputs communicated from the DS block 306, fromthe PCP blocks 310 and 312, and from the AV block 314 to generate outputsymbol estimates. The output symbol estimates may be communicated toother processors, for example, a convolutional decoder or a turbodecoder where they may be further processed to extract voice or datainformation, respectively.

The PCP blocks 310 and 312 may process the estimated output from the DSblock 306 to generate information specific to a transmitting antenna,for example, antennas 204 a and 204 b (FIG. 2), respectively, and thisinformation may be communicated to the AV block 314 and/or to the DPblock 308. The outputs of the PCP blocks 310 and 312 may be generated ona per base station basis. The AV block 314 may process the relevantantenna information in order to generate the estimated channel weight ŵwhen the base station transmits utilizing the diversity modes CL1 andCL2. In addition, the feedback channel weight TxW may be calculatedusing the common pilot channel estimates for the two transmittingdiversity antennas. The calculated feedback channel weight TxW may betransmitted to the base station, and may also be communicated to the DPblock 308 in the case of the blind CL1 and CL2 methods.

Although two CPPs may be utilized per base station due to the presentWCDMA/HSDPA standard, this should not be considered a limitation on thenumber of CPPs that may be assigned to a base station. Otherimplementations of the invention may assign a plurality of CPPs per basestation as needed because of the number of transmitting antennas at thebase station, or for some other reasons. Additionally, the clusterperiod of 16/(3.84×10⁶) seconds may be design and/or implementationdependent. Accordingly, the invention need not be limited to thiscluster period.

FIG. 4 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating diversity processingusing a STTD mode, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.The STTD mode is an open loop mode, and, therefore, there is no feedbackweight sent from a mobile terminal to a base station. A space-timecoding algorithm may modulate the signals comprising symbols that aretransmitted by the transmitting antennas, and each antenna may transmitdifferent data. Accordingly, the processing of the received signals bythe receiving mobile terminal may be simplified since feedback weightsneed not be generated and only a space-time decoding algorithm may berequired.

Referring to FIG. 4, the steps 400 to 408 may be utilized to processdiversity signals. In step 400, the open loop mode, or STTD mode,signals r₁ and r₂ may be received at two consecutive time intervals by,for example, the receive antenna 210. This may be represented by thefollowing equation. A single fading path may be assumed to simplifynotation.

$\begin{matrix}{\overset{\_}{r} = {\begin{bmatrix}r_{1} \\r_{2}\end{bmatrix} = {\begin{bmatrix}s_{1} & {- s_{2}^{*}} \\s_{2} & s_{1}^{*}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}h_{1} \\h_{2}\end{bmatrix}}}} & (1)\end{matrix}$The variables s₁ and s₂ represent signals (symbols) transmitted by thetransmitting base station, and h₁ and h₂ represent the actualpropagation channels.

In step 402, the CPP block 302 may generate the channel estimates ĥ₁ andĥ₂ based on the common pilot channels transmitted by each base station,for example, the base station 202. The variables ĥ₁ and ĥ₂ may representestimates of the channels for s₁ and s₂, respectively. An asterisk (*)after a variable name may indicate a complex conjugate of that variable.For example, s₂* may be a complex conjugate of s₂.

In step 404, the MRC block 304 may process the filtered, digitizedbaseband signal from the CMF 214 using the channel estimates ĥ₁ and ĥ₂from the CPP block 302. The inputs to the MRC block 304 may be multipathsignals from the two transmit antennas for each base station, forexample. Each MRC in the MRC block 304 may combine the multipath signalsfrom a base station to generate at least one processed diversity signal.The received signal in the MRC block 304 may be multiplied by thecomplex conjugate channel estimates ĥ₁* and ĥ₂*, respectively:ĥ ₁ *r ₁ =ĥ ₁*(h ₁ s ₁ −h ₂ s ₂*)=|h ₁|² s ₁ −ĥ ₁ *h ₂ s ₂*  (2)ĥ ₁ *r ₂ =ĥ ₁*(h ₁ s ₂ +h ₂ s ₁*)=|h ₁|² s ₂ +ĥ ₁ *h ₂ s ₁*  (3)ĥ ₂ *r ₁ =ĥ ₂*(h ₁ s ₁ −h ₂ s ₂*)=−|h ₂|² s ₂ *+h ₁ ĥ ₂ *s ₁  (4)ĥ ₂ *r ₂ =ĥ ₂*(h ₁ s ₂ +h ₂ s ₁*)=|h ₂|² s ₁ *+h ₁ ĥ ₂ *s ₂  (5)

In step 406, the two processed diversity signals from the MRC block 304for each base station may be despread by the DS block 306. The output ofthe DS block 306 may be communicated to the DP block 308. In step 408,the DP block 308 may make an estimate ŝ of the transmitted signals(symbols), which may be derived from equations 2-5 and may be writtenas:

$\begin{matrix}{\hat{s} = {\begin{bmatrix}{\hat{s}}_{1} \\{\hat{s}}_{2}\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}{{{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}r_{1}} + {{\hat{h}}_{2}r_{2}^{*}}} \\{{{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}r_{2}} - {{\hat{h}}_{2}r_{1}^{*}}}\end{bmatrix}}} & (6)\end{matrix}$where ŝ₁ and ŝ₂ may be estimates of the transmitted signals s₁ and s₂,respectively. The resulting signal estimates may be:

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{\hat{s} = \begin{bmatrix}{\hat{s}}_{1} \\{\hat{s}}_{2}\end{bmatrix}} \\{= \begin{bmatrix}{{{h_{1}}^{2}s_{1}} - {{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}h_{2}s_{2}^{*}} + {{h_{2}}^{2}s_{1}} + {h_{1}^{*}{\hat{h}}_{2}s_{2}^{*}}} \\{{{h_{1}}^{2}s_{2}} + {{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}h_{2}s_{1}^{*}} + {{h_{2}}^{2}s_{2}} - {h_{1}^{*}{\hat{h}}_{2}s_{1}^{*}}}\end{bmatrix}} \\{= \begin{bmatrix}{\left( {{h_{1}^{2}} + {h_{2}}^{2}} \right)\mspace{11mu} s_{1}} \\{\left( {{h_{1}}^{2} + {h_{2}}^{2}} \right)\mspace{11mu} s_{2}}\end{bmatrix}}\end{matrix} & (7)\end{matrix}$

FIG. 5 a is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating diversity processingusing a closed loop 1 dedicated pilot method, in accordance with anembodiment of the invention. The closed loop 1 dedicated pilot methodmay utilize a dedicated pilot channel for each transmit antenna and anestimate of a weight used by one of the two transmit antennas. Referringto FIG. 5 a, the steps 500 to 510 may be utilized to process diversitysignals. Diversity signals may be signals that are transmitted by morethan one antenna, for example, the signals s₁ and s₂ transmitted by thediversity antennas 204 a and 204 b. The diversity signals may relate tothe same information, but may be transmitted in a diversityconfiguration in order to attain stronger received signal. Since thediversity signals relate to the same information, part of a receivesystem that receives the transmitted diversity signals, for example, thecircuitry illustrated in FIG. 3, may combine the diversity signals inorder to recover the transmitted information.

In step 500, the antenna 210 may receive the signals s₁ and s₂transmitted by the diversity antennas 204 a and 204 b. The receivedsignal r may be described by the following equation:r=(h ₁ +wh ₂)s  (8)where h₁ and h₂ may be propagation channels. w may be the weight appliedto the signals transmitted by the antenna 204 b, and s may be thesignals transmitted by the transmit antennas 204 a and 204 b. Thereceived signal r may be processed by the RFE 212 and the CMF 214. TheCMF 214 may communicate a filtered, digitized baseband signal to the CPPblock 302 and the MRC block 304.

In step 502, the CPP block 302 may generate the channel estimates ĥ₁ andĥ₂ based on the common pilot channels transmitted by each base station,for example, the base station 202. In step 504, the MRC block 304 mayprocess the filtered, digitized baseband signal from the CMF 214 usingthe channel estimates ĥ₁ and ĥ₂ from the CPP block 302. The inputs tothe MRC block 304 may be multipath signals from the two transmitantennas for each base station, for example. Each MRC in the MRC block304 may combine the multipath signals from a base station to generate atleast one processed diversity signal. The received signal in the MRCblock 304 may be multiplied by the complex conjugate channel estimatesĥ₁* and ĥ₂*, respectively:ĥ ₁ *r=ĥ ₁*(h ₁ +wh ₂)s=(|h ₁|² +wĥ ₁ *h ₂)s  (9)ĥ ₂ *r=ĥ ₂*(h ₁ +wh ₂)s=(w|h ₂|² +h ₁ ĥ ₂*)s  (10)

The received dedicated pilot symbols x₁ and x₂, which may be orthogonalto each other, may be substituted for the received signal s in equations9 and 10. The dedicated pilot symbols x₁ and x₂, may have beentransmitted, for example, by the transmit antennas 204 a and 204 b,respectively. The received signals at the output of the MRC block 304may be written as:ĥ ₁ *r _(dp) =ĥ ₁*(h ₁ x ₁ +wh ₂ x ₂)=|h ₁|² x ₁ +wĥ ₁ *h ₂ x ₂  (11)ĥ ₂ *r _(dp) =ĥ ₂*(h ₁ x ₁ +wh ₂ x ₂)=w|h ₂|² x ₂ +h ₁ ĥ ₂ *x ₁  (12)

In step 506, the two processed diversity signals from the MRC block 304for each base station may be despread by the DS block 306. The output ofthe DS block 306 may be communicated to the DP block 308 and the PCPblocks 310 and 312. In step 508, the PCP blocks 310 and 312 maydetermine partial channel estimates by applying the orthogonalityprinciple to the equations 11 and 12. Projections (or correlations) ofthe equations 11 and 12 with respect to variables x₁ and x₂ may resultin the partial channel estimates:ĥ₁*r_(dp) projected (or correlated) with x₁ may result in(|h₁|²)_(dp),  (13)ĥ₁*r_(dp) projected (or correlated) with x₂ may result in(wĥ₁*h₂)_(dp),  (14)ĥ₂*r_(dp) projected (or correlated) with x₁ may result in (w|h₂|²)_(dp),and  (15)ĥ₂*r_(dp) projected (or correlated) with x₂ may result in(h₁ĥ₂*)_(dp).  (16)The weight w may then be derived from the partial channel estimate 15.An estimated transmit weight ŵ of the CL1 transmit antenna weight w maybe made by selecting one of the four weight values 132, 134, 136, and138 that may be the closest to the derived weight w.

In step 510, the DP block 308 may make data symbol estimate ŝ by usingthe estimated transmit weight ŵ:

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{\hat{s} = {{{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}r} + {{\hat{w}}^{*}{\hat{h}}_{2}^{*}r}}} \\{= {{{{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}\left( {h_{1} + {wh}_{2}} \right)}\mspace{11mu} s} + {{\hat{w}}^{*}{{\hat{h}}_{2}^{*}\left( {h_{1} + {wh}_{2}} \right)}\mspace{11mu} s}}} \\{= {\left( {{h_{1}}^{2} + {w{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}h_{2}} + {{\hat{w}}^{*}h_{1}{\hat{h}}_{2}^{*}} + {{w}^{2}{h_{2}}^{2}}} \right)\mspace{11mu} s}} \\{= {\left( {{h_{1}}^{2} + {2\;{Re}\mspace{11mu}\left( {w{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}h_{2}} \right)} + {{w}^{2}{h_{2}}^{2}}} \right)\mspace{11mu} s}}\end{matrix} & (17)\end{matrix}$It may be noted that the result of equation 17 may be equivalent toperforming standard channel plus transmit weight de-rotation:

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{\hat{s} = {\left( {{\hat{h}}_{1} + {\hat{w}{\hat{h}}_{2}}} \right)^{*}\left( {h_{1} + {wh}_{2}} \right)\mspace{11mu} s}} \\{= {\left( {{h_{1}}^{2} + {w{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}h_{2}} + {{\hat{w}}^{*}h_{1}{\hat{h}}_{2}^{*}} + {{w}^{2}{h_{2}}^{2}}} \right)\mspace{11mu} s}} \\{= {\left( {{h_{1}}^{2} + {2\;{Re}\mspace{11mu}\left( {w{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}h_{2}} \right)} + {{w}^{2}{h_{2}}^{2}}} \right)\mspace{11mu} s}}\end{matrix} & (18)\end{matrix}$

FIG. 5 b is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating diversity processingusing a closed loop 2 dedicated pilot method, in accordance with anembodiment of the invention. The closed loop 2 dedicated pilot methodmay utilize a dedicated pilot channel transmitted by the two transmitantennas. Referring to FIG. 5 b, the steps 560 to 570 may be utilized toprocess diversity signals. Diversity signals may be signals that aretransmitted by more than one antenna, for example, the signals s₁ and s₂transmitted by the diversity antennas 204 a and 204 b. The diversitysignals may relate to the same information, but may be transmitted in adiversity configuration in order to attain a stronger received signal.Since the diversity signals relate to the same information, part of areceive system that receives the transmitted diversity signals, forexample, the circuitry illustrated in FIG. 3, may combine the diversitysignals in order to recover the transmitted information.

In step 560, the antenna 210 may receive the signals s₁ and s₂transmitted by the diversity antennas 204 a and 204 b. The receivedsignal r may be described by the following equation:r=(w ₁ h ₁ +w ₂ h ₂)s  (19)where h₁ and h₂ may be actual propagation channels. The values w₁ and w₂may represent the transmit weights applied to the signals transmitted bythe antennas 204 a and 204 b, respectively, and s may be the signalstransmitted by the transmit antennas 204 a and 204 b. The receivedsignal r may be processed by the RFE 212 and the CMF 214. The CMF 214may communicate a filtered, digitized baseband signal to the CPP block302 and the MRC block 304.

In step 562, the CPP block 302 may generate the channel estimates ĥ₁ andĥ₂ based on the common pilot channels transmitted by each base station,for example, the base station 202. In step 564, the MRC block 304 mayprocess the filtered, digitized baseband signal from the CMF 214 usingthe channel estimates ĥ₁ and ĥ₂ from the CPP block 302. The inputs tothe MRC block 304 may be multipath signals from the two transmitantennas for each base station, for example. Each MRC in the MRC block304 may combine the multipath signals from a base station to generate atleast one processed diversity signal. The received signal may bemultiplied by the complex conjugate channel estimates ĥ₁* and ĥ₂*,respectively:ĥ ₁ *r=ĥ ₁*(w ₁ h ₁ +w ₂ h ₂)s=(w ₁ |h ₁|² +w ₂ ĥ ₁ *h ₂)s  (20)ĥ ₂ *r=ĥ ₂*(w ₁ h ₁ +w ₂ h ₂)s=(w ₂ |h ₂|² +w ₁ h ₁ ĥ ₂*)s  (21)

The received dedicated pilot symbols x may be substituted for thereceived signal s in equations 20 and 21. The transmit antennas 204 aand 204 b may each transmit the same symbols x via the dedicated pilotchannel, for example. The received signals at the output of the MRCblock 304 may be written as:ĥ ₁ *r _(dp) =ĥ ₁*(w ₁ h ₁ +w ₂ h ₂)x=(w ₁ |h ₁|² +w ₂ ĥ ₁ *h ₂)x  (22)ĥ ₂ *r _(dp) =ĥ ₂*(w ₁ h ₁ +w ₂ h ₂)x=(w ₂ |h ₂|² +w ₁ h ₁ ĥ ₂*)x  (23)

In step 566, the two processed diversity signals from the MRC block 304for each base station may be despread by the DS block 306. The output ofthe DS block 306 may be communicated to the DP block 308 and the PCPblocks 310 and 312. In step 568, the PCP blocks 310 and 312 maydetermine partial channel estimates ĥ_(dp1) and ĥ_(dp2) from thededicated pilot signals transmitted by the two transmit antennas byprojecting (or correlating) equations 22 and 23 with respect to thevariable x:ĥ _(dp1)=(w ₁ |h ₁|² +w ₂ ĥ ₁ *h ₂)_(dp)  (24)ĥ _(dp2)=(w ₂ |h ₂|² +w ₁ h ₁ ĥ ₂*)_(dp)  (25)

In step 570, the DP block 308 may multiply the partial channel estimatesin equations 22 and 23 by ĥ_(dp1)* and ĥ_(dp2)*, respectively, to derivethe partial symbol estimates ŝ₁ and ŝ₂, respectively.

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{{\hat{s}}_{1} = {{\hat{h}}_{{dp}\; 1}^{*}{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}r}} \\{= {\left( {{w_{1}{h_{1}}^{2}} + {w_{2}{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}h_{2}}} \right)_{dp}^{*}\left( {{w_{1}{h_{1}}^{2}} + {w_{2}{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}h_{2}}} \right)\mspace{11mu} s}} \\{= {\left( {{{w_{1}}^{2}{h_{1}}^{4}} + {{w_{2}}^{2}{h_{1}}^{2}{h_{2}}^{2}} + {2{Re}\mspace{11mu}\left( {w_{2}{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}h_{2}} \right)}} \right)\mspace{11mu} s}}\end{matrix} & (26) \\\begin{matrix}{{\hat{s}}_{2} = {{\hat{h}}_{{dp}\; 2}^{*}{\hat{h}}_{2}^{*}r}} \\{= {\left( {{w_{2}{h_{2}}^{2}} + {w_{1}h_{1}{\hat{h}}_{2}^{*}}} \right)_{dp}^{*}\left( {{w_{2}{h_{2}}^{2}} + {w_{1}h_{1}{\hat{h}}_{2}^{*}}} \right)\mspace{11mu} s}} \\{= {\left( {{{w_{2}}^{2}{h_{2}}^{4}} + {{w_{1}}^{2}{h_{1}}^{2}{h_{2}}^{2}} + {2{Re}\mspace{11mu}\left( {w_{1}{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}h_{2}} \right)}} \right)\mspace{11mu} s}}\end{matrix} & (27)\end{matrix}$The symbol estimate ŝ may be generated by adding together the partialsymbol estimates ŝ₁ and ŝ₂:

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{\hat{s} = {{\hat{s}}_{1} + {\hat{s}}_{2}}} \\{= {\begin{pmatrix}\begin{matrix}{{{w_{1}}^{2}{h_{1}}^{4}} + {{w_{2}}^{2}{h_{1}}^{2}{h_{2}}^{2}} +} \\{{2{Re}\mspace{11mu}\left( {w_{2}{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}h_{2}} \right)} + {{w_{2}}^{2}{h_{2}}^{4}} +}\end{matrix} \\{{{w_{1}}^{2}{h_{1}}^{2}{h_{2}}^{2}} + {2{Re}\mspace{11mu}\left( {w_{1}{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}h_{2}} \right)}}\end{pmatrix}\mspace{11mu} s}}\end{matrix} & (28)\end{matrix}$

FIG. 6 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating diversity processingusing a closed loop 1 blind method, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe invention. The closed loop 1 blind method may use a feedback weighttransmitted to a base station to generated estimates of symbolstransmitted by the base station, rather than using an estimate of thetransmit weight used by one of the two transmit antennas. Accordingly,closed loop 1 blind method may not be able to compensate for anydifferences between the weight transmitted by the mobile terminal andthe transmit weight actually used by the base station. Referring to FIG.6, the steps 600 to 640 may be utilized to process diversity signals.The steps 600, 610, 620, and 630 may be similar to the steps 500, 502,504, and 506, respectively.

In step 640, the DP block 308 may generate symbol estimate ŝ by usingthe weight w that was transmitted to the base station:

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{\hat{s} = {{{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}r} + {w^{*}{\hat{h}}_{2}^{*}r}}} \\{= {{{{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}\left( {h_{1} + {wh}_{2}} \right)}\mspace{11mu} s} + {w^{*}{{\hat{h}}_{2}^{*}\left( {h_{1} + {wh}_{2}} \right)}\mspace{11mu} s}}} \\{= {\left( {{h_{1}}^{2} + {w{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}h_{2}} + {w^{*}h_{1}{\hat{h}}_{2}^{*}} + {{w}^{2}{h_{2}}^{2}}} \right)\mspace{11mu} s}} \\{= {\left( {{h_{1}}^{2} + {2{Re}\mspace{11mu}\left( {w{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}h_{2}} \right)} + {{w}^{2}{h_{2}}^{2}}} \right)\mspace{11mu} s}}\end{matrix} & (29)\end{matrix}$It may be noted that the result of equation 29 may be equivalent toperforming standard channel plus transmit weight de-rotation:

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{\hat{s} = {\left( {{\hat{h}}_{1} + {w{\hat{h}}_{2}}} \right)^{*}\left( {h_{1} + {wh}_{2}} \right)\mspace{11mu} s}} \\{= {\left( {{h_{1}}^{2} + {w{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}h_{2}} + {w^{*}h_{1}{\hat{h}}_{2}^{*}} + {{w}^{2}{h_{2}}^{2}}} \right)\mspace{11mu} s}} \\{= {\left( {{h_{1}}^{2} + {2{Re}\mspace{11mu}\left( {w{\hat{h}}_{1}^{*}h_{2}} \right)} + {{w}^{2}{h_{2}}^{2}}} \right)\mspace{11mu} s}}\end{matrix} & (30)\end{matrix}$

FIG. 7 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating diversity processingusing a closed loop 2 blind method, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe invention. The closed loop 2 blind method may use the feedbackweights transmitted to a base station to generate estimates of thesymbols transmitted by the base station, rather than using estimates ofthe transmit weights used by the two transmitted antennas at the basestation. Accordingly, the closed loop 2 blind method may not be able tocompensate for any differences between the weights transmitted by themobile terminal and the transmit weights actually used by the basestation. Referring to FIG. 7, the steps 700 to 740 may be utilized toprocess diversity signals. The steps 700, 710, 720, and 730 may besimilar to the steps 560, 562, 564, and 566, respectively.

In step 740, the DP block 308 may generate symbol estimate ŝ by usingthe weights w₁ and w₂ that were transmitted to the base station:ŝ=w₁ *ĥ ₁ *r+w ₂ *ĥ ₂ *r=(|w ₁|² |h ₁|²+2Re(w ₁ *w ₂ ĥ ₁ *h ₂)+|w ₂|² |h₂|²)s  (31)

In equations 17, 26, 27, 28, 29, and 31, expressions following thesecond equality sign are mathematical expansions. For implementationpurposes it may be sufficient to implement expression preceding thesecond equality sign.

In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, aspects of anexemplary system may comprise circuitry, for example, antenna 210, thatenables reception of a plurality of WCDMA/HSDPA multipath signalstransmitted by, for example, each diversity transmit antenna 204 a and204 b at the base station 202. A signal processing circuitry, forexample, the MRC block 304, may enable combining of the WCDMA/HSDPAmultipath signals to at least one processed diversity signal, at least aportion of which may be despread. The received WCDMA/HSDPA multipathsignals may have originated from the diversity transmit antennas 204 aand 204 b, where the base station 202 may be transmitting via a closedloop or open loop (STTD) diversity transmission mode. Estimation of theclosed loop symbols transmitted by the diversity transmit antennas 204 aand 204 b may be made based on information from at least one dedicatedpilot channel transmitted by the transmit antennas 204 a and 204 b.Estimation of the open loop symbols transmitted by the diversitytransmit antennas 204 a and 204 b may be made based on information fromat least one common pilot channel transmitted by the transmit antennas204 a and 204 b.

The closed loop diversity transmission mode may comprise WCDMA/HSDPAclosed loop 1 (CL1) mode. For example, when the base station 202 istransmitting in the CL1 mode, the pilot channel processing circuitry,for example, the PCP blocks 310 and 312, may generate partial channelestimates. The PCP blocks 310 and 312 may project (or correlate) each ofthe processed diversity signals for the base station with respect todedicated pilot channel information from each of the diversity transmitantennas 204 a and 204 b at the base station 202. The PCP blocks 310 and312 may generate a weight based on the partial channel estimates. The AVblock 314 may then estimate a transmit weight based on the generatedweight. The estimation may comprise mapping the generated weight to oneof a plurality of weights. An estimation of the symbols transmitted bythe diversity transmit antennas 204 a and 204 b may be made by thediversity processing circuitry, for example, the DP block 308, based onthe estimated transmit weight.

The closed loop diversity transmission mode may also comprise WCDMAclosed loop 2 mode. When the base station 202 is transmitting in CL 2mode, the PCP blocks 310 and 312 may generate partial channel estimatesby projecting (or correlating) each of the processed diversity signalswith respect to a dedicated pilot channel information. The DP block 308may make estimates of partial transmitted channel symbols based on thegenerated partial channel estimates. The DP block 308 may then generateestimated transmitted symbols from the base station 202 by combining theestimated partial transmitted channel symbols. The DP block 308 may alsomake estimates of the transmitted symbols from the base station 202based on feedback weights that may be communicated back to the basestation 202.

Accordingly, the present invention may be realized in hardware,software, or a combination of hardware and software. The presentinvention may be realized in a centralized fashion in at least onecomputer system, or in a distributed fashion where different elementsare spread across several interconnected computer systems. Any kind ofcomputer system or other apparatus adapted for carrying out the methodsdescribed herein is suited. A typical combination of hardware andsoftware may be a general-purpose computer system with a computerprogram that, when being loaded and executed, controls the computersystem such that it carries out the methods described herein.

The present invention may also be embedded in a computer programproduct, which comprises all the features enabling the implementation ofthe methods described herein, and which when loaded in a computer systemis able to carry out these methods. Computer program in the presentcontext means any expression, in any language, code or notation, of aset of instructions intended to cause a system having an informationprocessing capability to perform a particular function either directlyor after either or both of the following: a) conversion to anotherlanguage, code or notation; b) reproduction in a different materialform.

While the present invention has been described with reference to certainembodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art thatvarious changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted withoutdeparting from the scope of the present invention. In addition, manymodifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material tothe teachings of the present invention without departing from its scope.Therefore, it is intended that the present invention not be limited tothe particular embodiment disclosed, but that the present invention willinclude all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.

1. A method for signal processing in a wireless receiver, the methodcomprising: receiving a plurality of WCDMA/HSDPA multipath signals in aclosed loop diversity transmission mode, wherein said WCDMA/HSDPAmultipath signals are received from a plurality of diversity transmitantennas at a base station; combining at least a portion of saidplurality of received WCDMA/HSDPA multipath signals for each of saidplurality of diversity transmit antennas to form at least one processeddiversity signal; and estimating transmitted symbols from said at leastone processed diversity signal based on projections of vectors, saidprojections being made with respect to information from at least onededicated pilot channel.
 2. The method according to claim 1, whereinsaid closed loop diversity transmission mode comprises WCDMA/HSDPAclosed loop 1 mode.
 3. The method according to claim 2, furthercomprising generating partial channel estimates by projecting each ofsaid at least one processed diversity signal with respect to dedicatedpilot channel information for each of said plurality of diversitytransmit antennas at said base station.
 4. The method according to claim3, further comprising generating a weight based on said partial channelestimates.
 5. The method according to claim 4, further comprisingestimating a transmit weight from said generated weight.
 6. The methodaccording to claim 5, further comprising estimating said transmittedsymbols based on said estimated transmit weight for said at least oneprocessed diversity signal.
 7. The method according to claim 1, furthercomprising estimating said transmitted symbols based on a feedbackweight for said base station.
 8. The method according to claim 1,wherein said closed loop diversity transmission mode comprises WCDMAclosed loop 2 mode.
 9. The method according to claim 8, furthercomprising generating partial channel estimates by projecting each ofsaid at least one processed diversity signal with respect to dedicatedpilot channel information.
 10. The method according to claim 9, furthercomprising estimating partial transmitted channel symbols for each ofsaid plurality of diversity transmit antennas at said base station basedon said generated partial channel estimates.
 11. The method according toclaim 10, further comprising estimating said transmitted symbols bycombining said estimated partial transmitted channel symbols for each ofsaid plurality of diversity transmit antennas at said base station. 12.The method according to claim 1, further comprising despreading at leasta portion of said at least one processed diversity signal.
 13. A systemfor signal processing in a wireless receiver, the system comprising:circuitry that enables reception of a plurality of WCDMA/HSDPA multipathsignals in a closed loop diversity transmission mode, wherein saidWCDMA/HSDPA multipath signals are received from a plurality of diversitytransmit antennas at a base station; signal processing circuitry thatenables combining of at least a portion of said plurality of receivedWCDMA/HSDPA multipath signals for each of said plurality of diversitytransmit antennas to form at least one processed diversity signal; anddiversity processing circuitry that enables estimation of transmittedsymbols from said at least one processed diversity signal based onprojections of vectors, said projections being made with respect toinformation from at least one dedicated pilot channel.
 14. The systemaccording to claim 13, wherein said closed loop diversity transmissionmode comprises WCDMA/HSDPA closed loop 1 mode.
 15. The system accordingto claim 14, further comprising pilot channel processing circuitry thatenables generation of partial channel estimates by projecting each ofsaid at least one processed diversity signal with respect to dedicatedpilot channel information for each of said plurality of diversitytransmit antennas at said base station.
 16. The system according toclaim 15, wherein said pilot channel processing circuitry enablesgeneration of a weight based on said partial channel estimates.
 17. Thesystem according to claim 16, further comprising weight generationcircuitry that enables estimation of a transmit weight from saidgenerated weight.
 18. The system according to claim 17, wherein saiddiversity processing circuitry enables estimation of said transmittedsymbols based on said estimated transmit weight for said at least oneprocessed diversity signal.
 19. The system according to claim 13,wherein said diversity processing circuitry enables estimation of saidtransmitted symbols based on a feedback weight for said base station.20. The system according to claim 13, wherein said closed loop diversitytransmission mode comprises WCDMA closed loop 2 mode.
 21. The systemaccording to claim 20, further comprising pilot channel processingcircuitry that enables generation of partial channel estimates byprojecting each of said at least one processed diversity signal withrespect to dedicated pilot channel information.
 22. The system accordingto claim 21, wherein said diversity processing circuitry enablesestimation of partial transmitted channel symbols for each of saidplurality of diversity transmit antennas at said base station based onsaid generated partial channel estimates.
 23. The system according toclaim 22, wherein said diversity processing circuitry enables estimationof said transmitted symbols by combining said estimated partialtransmitted channel symbols for each of said plurality of diversitytransmit antennas at said base station.
 24. The system according toclaim 13, further comprising despreading circuitry that enablesdespreading of at least a portion of said at least one processeddiversity signal.